Education-service integration in the context of Brazilian medical schools: an integrative review. / Integração ensino-serviço no contexto das escolas médicas brasileiras: revisão integrativa.

This paper aimed to characterize the historical trajectory, including the advances and challenges, of the teaching-service integration in the medical training process. In this context, through scientific studies indexed in databases, a critical review of the literature was performed from the search for works of reference until the present moment. Most of the works consulted were reference material on the topic published in scientific journals and indexed in the databases of the Virtual Health Library. The search evidenced that the country underwent transformative experiences in the fields of health and education in the 1970's and, since then, the teaching-service integration has drawn universities and health institutions closer through the reorganization of education and healthcare. Despite the progress achieved mainly in the last decade, there are challenges to overcome in the integration of these different worlds, of one which is the creation and implementation of management tools such as the Organizing Contract for Public Health Education Action (COAPES), capable of withstanding the complexity of this process.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar a trajetória histórica, incluindo os avanços e os desafios, da integração ensino-serviço no processo de formação médica. Diante deste contexto, por meio de estudos científicos indexados em bases de dados, foi realizada uma revisão crítica da literatura a partir da busca por trabalhos considerados referência até o momento atual. A maioria dos artigos consultados trata de material referencial sobre o tema publicado em periódicos científicos indexados nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde. A busca evidenciou que foi a partir da década de 1970 que o país passou por experiências transformadoras nos campos da saúde e educação e, desde então, a integração ensino-serviço aproximou as universidades e as instituições de saúde por meio da reorganização do ensino e da assistência à saúde. Apesar dos avanços significativos, principalmente na última década, ainda há desafios a serem superados na integração destes diferentes mundos, um deles é a criação e a implementação de instrumentos de gestão como o Contrato Organizativo da Ação Pública Ensino Saúde (COAPES), capazes de suportar a complexidade deste processo.

Integração ensino-serviço no contexto das escolas médicas brasileiras: revisão integrativa / Education-service integration in the context of Brazilian medical schools: an integrative review

Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar a trajetória histórica, incluindo os avanços e os desafios, da integração ensino-serviço no processo de formação médica. Diante deste contexto, por meio de estudos científicos indexados em bases de dados, foi realizada uma revisão crítica da literatura a partir da busca por trabalhos considerados referência até o momento atual. A maioria dos artigos consultados trata de material referencial sobre o tema publicado em periódicos científicos indexados nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde. A busca evidenciou que foi a partir da década de 1970 que o país passou por experiências transformadoras nos campos da saúde e educação e, desde então, a integração ensino-serviço aproximou as universidades e as instituições de saúde por meio da reorganização do ensino e da assistência à saúde. Apesar dos avanços significativos, principalmente na última década, ainda há desafios a serem superados na integração destes diferentes mundos, um deles é a criação e a implementação de instrumentos de gestão como o Contrato Organizativo da Ação Pública Ensino Saúde (COAPES), capazes de suportar a complexidade deste processo. (AU)

This paper aimed to characterize the historical trajectory, including the advances and challenges, of the teaching-service integration in the medical training process. In this context, through scientific studies indexed in databases, a critical review of the literature was performed from the search for works of reference until the present moment. Most of the works consulted were reference material on the topic published in scientific journals and indexed in the databases of the Virtual Health Library. The search evidenced that the country underwent transformative experiences in the fields of health and education in the 1970's and, since then, the teaching-service integration has drawn universities and health institutions closer through the reorganization of education and healthcare. Despite the progress achieved mainly in the last decade, there are challenges to overcome in the integration of these different worlds, of one which is the creation and implementation of management tools such as the Organizing Contract for Public Health Education Action (COAPES), capable of withstanding the complexity of this process.(AU)

Comparative Cytotaxonomy of Two Species of Fish from the Genus Satanoperca Reveals the Presence of a B Chromosome.

The taxonomy of Satanoperca spp. is still unresolved, especially because coloring, one of the main diagnostic characters, is variable among species of this genus. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the genome and the organization of the chromosome in two Satanoperca species. Our main goal was to develop a method to better differentiate taxa and understand the evolution of Satanoperca jurupari and Satanoperca lilith karyotypes, which we analyzed with classical and molecular cytogenetics. Both species have the same diploid number (2n) of 48 and location of 5S rDNA sites on pair 5. Nonetheless, the distribution of heterochromatin and 18S rDNA sites followed a species-specific pattern. The interstitial telomeric sites were not highlighted in either species. Regardless, a single B chromosome was identified in some metaphases of S. lilith. These data show that Satanoperca species harbor chromosomal features that can be used to identify the two species of Satanoperca studied here, allowing for the use of cytogenetic markers to make taxonomic inferences within the genus.

Cytogenetic variation of repetitive DNA elements in Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes - Erythrinidae) from white, black and clear water rivers of the Amazon basin.

Hoplias malabaricus is a common fish species occurring in white, black and clear water rivers of the Amazon basin. Its large distribution across distinct aquatic environments can pose stressful conditions for dispersal and creates possibilities for the emergence of local adaptive profiles. We investigated the chromosomal localization of repetitive DNA markers (constitutive heterochromatin, rDNA and the transposable element REX-3) in populations from the Amazonas river (white water), the Negro river (black water) and the Tapajós river (clear water), in order to address the variation/association of cytogenomic features and environmental conditions. We found a conserved karyotypic macrostructure with a diploid number of 40 chromosomes (20 metacentrics + 20 submetacentrics) in all the samples. Heteromorphism in pair 14 was detected as evidence for the initial differentiation of an XX/XY system. Minor differences detected in the amount of repetitive DNA markers are interpreted as possible signatures of local adaptations to distinct aquatic environments.

Intra-generic and interspecific karyotype patterns of Leptodactylus and Adenomera (Anura, Leptodactylidae) with inclusion of five species from Central Amazonia.

The genera Leptodactylus and Adenomera comprise 92 species distributed throughout the Neotropical region. These species have a modal diploid chromosome number 2n = 22. However, chromosome rearrangements are evident in the differentiation of five intra-generic groups in the genus Leptodactylus (L. fuscus, L. latrans, L. marmoratus (formally composed by the species of the genus Adenomera), L. melanonotus, L. pentadactylus), yet it is not clear if there is a karyotype pattern for each group. Aiming to understand the intra-generic and interspecific karyotype patterns of Leptodactylus and Adenomera, cytogenetic analyses were performed in A. andreae, L. macrosternum, L. pentadactylus, L. petersii, and L. riveroi using conventional staining, C-banding, nucleolus organizer region (NOR) and hybridization in situ fluorescent (FISH). The karyotype of Leptodactylus riveroi was described for the first time. Adenomera andreae had 2n = 26, while the remaining species 2n = 22. The NOR was found on pair No. 8 of A. andreae, L. macrosternum, L. pentadactylus, and L. riveroi, whereas L. petersii had it on pairs Nos. 6 and 10. These locations were confirmed by the FISH with 18S rDNA probe, except for pair No. 10 of L. petersii. The C-banding pattern was evident at the centromeres of chromosomes of all species and some interspecific variations were also observed. 2n = 22 was observed in the species of the L. latrans group, as well as in the intra-generic groups L. fuscus and L. pentadactylus; in the L. melanonotus group there were three diploid chromosome numbers 2n = 20, 22 and 24; and a larger variation in 2n was also evident in the L. marmoratus group.

Chromosomal distribution of microsatellite repeats in Amazon cichlids genome (Pisces, Cichlidae).

Fish of the family Cichlidae are recognized as an excellent model for evolutionary studies because of their morphological and behavioral adaptations to a wide diversity of explored ecological niches. In addition, the family has a dynamic genome with variable structure, composition and karyotype organization. Microsatellites represent the most dynamic genomic component and a better understanding of their organization may help clarify the role of repetitive DNA elements in the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution. Thus, in this study, microsatellite sequences were mapped in the chromosomes of Cichla monoculus Agassiz, 1831, Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823, and Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840. Four microsatellites demonstrated positive results in the genome of Cichla monoculus and Symphysodon discus, and five demonstrated positive results in the genome of Pterophyllum scalare. In most cases, the microsatellite was dispersed in the chromosome with conspicuous markings in the centromeric or telomeric regions, which suggests that sequences contribute to chromosome structure and may have played a role in the evolution of this fish family. The comparative genome mapping data presented here provide novel information on the structure and organization of the repetitive DNA region of the cichlid genome and contribute to a better understanding of this fish family's genome.

Evolutionary dynamics of retrotransposable elements Rex1, Rex3 and Rex6 in neotropical cichlid genomes.

BACKGROUND: Transposable elements (TEs) have the potential to produce broad changes in the genomes of their hosts, acting as a type of evolutionary toolbox and generating a collection of new regulatory and coding sequences. Several TE classes have been studied in Neotropical cichlids; however, the information gained from these studies is restricted to the physical chromosome mapping, whereas the genetic diversity of the TEs remains unknown. Therefore, the genomic organization of the non-LTR retrotransposons Rex1, Rex3, and Rex6 in five Amazonian cichlid species was evaluated using physical chromosome mapping and DNA sequencing to provide information about the role of TEs in the evolution of cichlid genomes. RESULTS: Physical mapping revealed abundant TE clusters dispersed throughout the chromosomes. Furthermore, several species showed conspicuous clusters accumulation in the centromeric and terminal portions of the chromosomes. These TE chromosomal sites are associated with both heterochromatic and euchromatic regions. A higher number of Rex1 clusters were observed among the derived species. The Rex1 and Rex3 nucleotide sequences were more conserved in the basal species than in the derived species; however, this pattern was not observed in Rex6. In addition, it was possible to observe conserved blocks corresponding to the reverse transcriptase fragment of the Rex1 and Rex3 clones and to the endonuclease of Rex6. CONCLUSION: Our data showed no congruence between the Bayesian trees generated for Rex1, Rex3 and Rex6 of cichlid species and phylogenetic hypothesis described for the group. Rex1 and Rex3 nucleotide sequences were more conserved in the basal species whereas Rex6 exhibited high substitution rates in both basal and derived species. The distribution of Rex elements in cichlid genomes suggests that such elements are under the action of evolutionary mechanisms that lead to their accumulation in particular chromosome regions, mostly in heterochromatins.

Structure and organization of the mitochondrial DNA control region with tandemly repeated sequence in the Amazon ornamental fish.

Tandemly repeated sequences are a common feature of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA control regions. However, questions still remain about their mode of evolution and function. To better understand patterns of variation in length and to explore the existence of previously described domain, we have characterized the control region structure of the Amazonian ornamental fish Nannostomus eques and Nannostomus unifasciatus. The control region ranged from 1121 to 1142 bp in length and could be separated into three domains: the domain associated with the extended terminal associated sequences, the central conserved domain, and the conserved sequence blocks domain. In the first domain, we encountered a sequence repeated 10 times in tandem (variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)) that could adopt an "inverted repetitions" type structural conformation. The results suggest that the VNTR pattern encountered in both N. eques and N. unifasciatus is consistent with the prerequisites of the illegitimate elongation model in which the unequal pairing of the chains near the 5'-end of the control region favors the formation of repetitions.

Repetitive sequences associated with differentiation of W chromosome in Semaprochilodus taeniurus.

The possible origins and differentiation of a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in Semaprochilodus taeniurus, the only species of the family Prochilodontidae known to possess heteromorphic sex chromosomes, were examined by conventional (C-banding) and molecular (cross-species hybridization of W-specific WCP, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomere (TTAGGG)n, and Rex1 probes) cytogenetic protocols. Several segments obtained by W-specific probe were cloned, and the sequences localized on the W chromosome were identified by DNA sequencing and search of nucleotide collections of the NCBI and GIRI using BLAST and CENSOR, respectively. Blocks of constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes of S. taeniurus were observed in the centromere of all autosomal chromosomes and in the terminal, interstitial, and pericentromeric regions of the W chromosome, which did not demonstrate interstitial telomeric sites with FISH of the telomere probe. The Rex1 probe displayed a compartmentalized distribution pattern in some chromosomes and showed signs of invasion of the pericentromeric region in the W chromosome. Chromosomal painting with the W-specific WCP of S. taeniurus onto its own chromosomes showed complete staining of the W chromosome, centromeric sites, and the ends of the Z chromosome, as well as other autosomes. However, cross-species painting using this WCP on chromosomes of S. insignis, Prochilodus lineatus, and P. nigricans did not reveal a proto-W element, but instead demonstrated scattered positive signals of repetitive DNAs. Identification of the W-specific repetitive sequences showed high similarity to microsatellites and transposable elements. Classes of repetitive DNA identified in the W chromosome suggested that the genetic degeneration of this chromosome in S. taeniurus occurred through accumulation of these repetitive DNAs.

Comparative cytogenetics of Carnegiella marthae and Carnegiella strigata (Characiformes, Gasteropelecidae) and description of a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system

Comparative cytogenetic analyses of hatchetfishes Carnegiella marthae and Carnegiella strigata (Gasteropelecidae) from the Rio Negro basin were performed using conventional Giemsa staining, silver (Ag) -staining and C-banding. The diploid chromosome numbers of both species equaled 2n = 50 but their karyotypes were distinct. We found evidence for sex chromosomes in C. marthae since karyotype of males presented 20 M + 12 SM + 4 ST + 14 A and ZZ ST chromosomes while the females presented 20 M + 12 SM + 4 ST + 14 A and ZW ST chromosomes of distinct size. Conversely, C. strigata presented 4 M + 4 SM + 2 ST + 40 A chromosomes without sex chromosome heteromorphism. Karyotypes of both species had two NOR-bearing SM chromosomes of distinct size indicating the presence of multiple NOR phenotypes. The sex chromosome pair had specific C-banding pattern allowing identification of both Z and W. This heteromorphic system has previously been described for the gasteropelecids.